Condensation may occur during various industrial applications, including water collection, desalination, energy generation, and thermal management. This phenomenon affects heat transfer efficiency during energy generation and heat management processes. Film-wise and dropwise condensation were the two types of condensation based on their formation manner. Condenser tubes are one of the energy conversion systems in which the condensation phenomenon dramatically affects the system's efficiency. The high surface energy of the Condenser tube results in water film formation on the tube surface, which hinders heat transfer. Therefore, the heat transfer efficiency of the Condenser is reduced due to further energy loss. The film-wise condensation should be altered to dropwise ones by reducing the surface energy of the tube to eliminate this issue. Hence, different coatings are applied to increase the Condenser tubes' hydrophobicity and heat transfer capacity. In this study, the importance of wettability and heat transfer mechanisms in Condenser tubes was determined primarily. Afterward, different coatings used to create dropwise condensation were introduced. Eventually, the applications and attributes of the mentioned coatings based on their cost, strength, durability, and efficiency were introduced.

In this paper, the application of evaporative cooling for refrigeration cycle to reduce power consumption in hot climates is emphasized Experimental and analytical investigations were performed in order to specify the effect of evaporative cooling Condenser instead of the commonly used air cooling Condenser in window-air-conditioners. Evaporative Condenser can reject more heat, thereby preventing the reduction of cooling capacity and increasing power consumption of window-air-conditioners during very hot seasons. Two designs were developed for evaporative Condensers. In the direct injection design, water is injected on the Condenser coil directly while in the media pad design, water is injected on the media pad installed before the Condenser. Thermodynamic properties of the systems after modification were measured and compared with the ordinary situation. Analysis of the results show that using these methods, the coefficient of performance increases by about 25% and power consumption decreases by about 13%. It is also anticipated that further modifications in these designs may yield better results.

Today, solar desalination is one of the promising solutions for the problem of drinking water shortage, mainly in remote and low-population areas. In the present research, a solar still with passive external Condensers was designed. To store the thermal energy in the basin of this solar still, paraffin wax was used in copper tubes as phase change materials. To compare and investigate the performance of the proposed solar still, a conventional solar still with the same specifications and dimensions was built and tested. Both solar stills were investigated on the days of 28 April, 5 and 9 May. The results of the experiments showed that the performance of the proposed solar still was better than the conventional solar still; the highest produced fresh water was 3.55 and 3.04 lit/m2 day, respectively, for the proposed and conventional solar stills, which showed a 17% increase in productivity per day. It is clear from past research that the Condenser increases the temperature difference between the glass covers and the saltwater of the basin, but causes the temperature of the saltwater basin to decrease. However, in this research, in addition to the increase in the temperature difference between the glass cover and salt water, the amount of salt water also increased, and this trend of increasing temperature was observed until the end of the day in all three experiments, which shows the effective performance of paraffin wax in the basin of solar still.

An experimental investigation has been performed to examine the heat transfer enhancement achieved by helically coiled wire inserts during forced convective condensation of R-600 vapor inside horizontal tubes. The experimental set-up is a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. This system includes a main Condenser which is a coaxial double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger with water as a coolant. To reach the favorable vapor qualities, pre-Condenser and after-Condenser systems were invoked. Experiments were carried out for a plain tube and five different coiled wire inserted tubes. At each test, various parameters were measured like refrigerant mass flow rate, inlet and outlet water temperature of the Condenser, refrigerant pressure, etc. Using the acquired data, heat transfer coefficients were calculated for different tubes. Investigation of the results showed that increasing the thickness of the wires can augment the heat transfer rate. Also, it is seen that reducing the coil pitch can enhance the heat transfer rate as high as 31. 6%. Also, it was seen that employing coiled wire inserts inside the tube, increases the average heat transfer coefficient up to approximately 80 % regarding the plain tube results.

In the present study, enhancement of heat transfer during condensation of R-134a inside horizontal coiled wire inserted tubes has been investigated experimentally. Test Condenser was a double pipe counter-flow water cooled heat exchanger which refrigerant flows inside the internal tube, while water flows in the annulus. Coiled wires with different wire diameters and coil pitches were utilized in full length of test Condenser. It is found that the use of helically coiled wire increased the condensing heat transfer by as much as 85 percent above the plain tube values on a nominal area basis. Influence of variety of parameters such as vapor quality and coiled wire geometry on the heat transfer augmentation was also investigated. A correlation for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients inside the coiled wire inserted tubes was developed by utilizing the gained results for the rough tubes, on the basis of Boyko and Kruzhilin (1967) correlation.

Hyper-tubes consisting of hyper-cubes of n -dimensions were designed and formulas for substructures of vary dimensions established.

This study looks into the various forms of corrosion that affect various elements of the South Pars Gas Company's first refinery's desalination plant, such as water compartments, tubular plates, support tubes, and the self-tube. To investigate the corrosion variables, a thorough analysis of the device's structure and process, as well as the material, was conducted. During repairs, damaged tubes were sampled and subjected to scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence testing. Evaluating scanning electron microscopy pictures from the inner surface of the tube reveals deformation and a rise in the tube's inner diameter. The X-ray diffraction patterns and elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence show that the inner surface is corroded. The external surface of the tube and analysis of the diffraction patterns in this region reveal the formation of copper oxides on the outer surface of the tubes, which, when compared to electron microscopic images, distinguishes pitting corrosion caused by acid condensation collision on the outer surface of the tube. Finally, the major cause of the fracture was pitting corrosion.